Indirect Speech
>> Tuesday, June 30, 2009
Indirect Speech adalah kalimat tak langsung, yaitu kalimat yang dikatakan olehh orang lain (mungkin di tempat dan waktu yang berbeda) berdasarkan apa yang dikatakan langsung oleh penutur pertama. “Indirect Speech” disebut juga reported speech atau quoted speech.
1. Dalam indirect speech, “the past continuous tense” yang digunakan dengan when clause tidak mengalami perubahan.
2. Dalam British English, penulisan tanda kutip menggunakan tanda kutip satu (‘ ‘), sedangkan dalam American English, penulisannya menggunakan tanda kutip dua (“ “).
3. ‘should’ yang digunakan dengan I dan We (British) mempunyai arti akan bukan sebaliknya.
‘should’ berubah menjadi would dalam indirect speech.
Contoh:
a) He said, ‘ I should be happy.’ He said that he would be happy
b) He said, ‘I shall be happy.’ He said that he would be happy
4. Untuk suatu pernyataan yang benar secara universal. Kita dapat menggunakan the simple
present tense da dalam noun clause.
Contoh:
a) He said that the sun rises in the east.
b) He said that the sun rose in the east.
5. Jika introductory verb atau kata kerja dalam klausa utama dalam bentuk the simple present,
the present perfect atau the dimple future tense, maka dalam indirect speech tidak mengalami perubahan.
Contoh:
a) He says that he is trying to work carefully.
b) She has said that she will never be late again.
CONTOH:
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
1) He said, ‘I work Hard.’ He said (that) he worked hard
2) He said, ‘I am working hard.’ He said (that)he was working hard
3) He said, ‘I will work hard.’ He said (that) He would work hard
4) He said, ‘I was working hard.’ He said (that) he had been working hard
5) He said, ‘I worked hard.’ He said (that) he had worked hard
6) He said, ‘I have worked hard.’ He said (that) he had worked hard
7) He said, ‘I am going to work hard.’ He said (that) he was going to work hard
8) He said, ‘I can work hard.’ He said (that) he could work hard
9) He said, ‘I may work hard.’ He said (that) he might work hard
10) He said, ‘I might work hard.’ He said (that) he might work hard
11) He said, ‘I must work hard.’ He said (that) he must/had to work hard
12) He said, ‘I have to work hard.’ He said (that) he had to work hard
13) He said, ‘work hard.’ He told me to work hard
14) He said, ‘I should work hard.’ He said (that) he should work hard
15) He said, ‘Don’t leave.’ He told me not to leave
16) He said, ‘Will you come?’ He asked if (wheter or not) I would go.
17) He asked, ‘where are you?’ He asked me where I was
18) He said, ‘I was talking to my teacher when Ann called me.’ He said (that) he was talking to his teacher when Ann called him
Perhatikan perubahan kata keterangan waktu dan kata kerja di dalam Indirect Speech
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Contoh:
1. He asked, ‘Did you stay here?’ He asked wheter (or not) I had stayed there
2. He said, ‘I was sick two days ago.’ He said (that) he had been sick two days before/earlier
3. He said, ‘I will work tomorrow.’ He said (that) he would the following/next day
4. He said, ‘I arrived yesterday.’ He said (that) he had arrived the day before/the previous day
5. He said, ‘I was there last week.’ He said (that) he had been there the week before
EXERCISE:
• Ubahlah Direct Speech di bawah ini menjadi Indirect Speech.
1. ‘I am going home now, ‘Yusuf said ......
2. ‘What do you want?’ Linda asked me ......
3. ‘Have you seen him lately?’ his mother wanted to know ......
4. ‘What have you done?’ he asked me ......
5. ‘I am late, ‘Ana said ......
6. ‘Can you stay to have dinner with us?’ I asked him ......
7. ‘May I borrow your pen?’Wati asked ......
8. ‘I am leaving, ‘he told us ......
9. ‘He must go home now, ‘she said ......
10. ‘I can’t do it by myself, ‘Alex told us ......
1. Dalam indirect speech, “the past continuous tense” yang digunakan dengan when clause tidak mengalami perubahan.
2. Dalam British English, penulisan tanda kutip menggunakan tanda kutip satu (‘ ‘), sedangkan dalam American English, penulisannya menggunakan tanda kutip dua (“ “).
3. ‘should’ yang digunakan dengan I dan We (British) mempunyai arti akan bukan sebaliknya.
‘should’ berubah menjadi would dalam indirect speech.
Contoh:
a) He said, ‘ I should be happy.’ He said that he would be happy
b) He said, ‘I shall be happy.’ He said that he would be happy
4. Untuk suatu pernyataan yang benar secara universal. Kita dapat menggunakan the simple
present tense da dalam noun clause.
Contoh:
a) He said that the sun rises in the east.
b) He said that the sun rose in the east.
5. Jika introductory verb atau kata kerja dalam klausa utama dalam bentuk the simple present,
the present perfect atau the dimple future tense, maka dalam indirect speech tidak mengalami perubahan.
Contoh:
a) He says that he is trying to work carefully.
b) She has said that she will never be late again.
CONTOH:
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
1) He said, ‘I work Hard.’ He said (that) he worked hard
2) He said, ‘I am working hard.’ He said (that)he was working hard
3) He said, ‘I will work hard.’ He said (that) He would work hard
4) He said, ‘I was working hard.’ He said (that) he had been working hard
5) He said, ‘I worked hard.’ He said (that) he had worked hard
6) He said, ‘I have worked hard.’ He said (that) he had worked hard
7) He said, ‘I am going to work hard.’ He said (that) he was going to work hard
8) He said, ‘I can work hard.’ He said (that) he could work hard
9) He said, ‘I may work hard.’ He said (that) he might work hard
10) He said, ‘I might work hard.’ He said (that) he might work hard
11) He said, ‘I must work hard.’ He said (that) he must/had to work hard
12) He said, ‘I have to work hard.’ He said (that) he had to work hard
13) He said, ‘work hard.’ He told me to work hard
14) He said, ‘I should work hard.’ He said (that) he should work hard
15) He said, ‘Don’t leave.’ He told me not to leave
16) He said, ‘Will you come?’ He asked if (wheter or not) I would go.
17) He asked, ‘where are you?’ He asked me where I was
18) He said, ‘I was talking to my teacher when Ann called me.’ He said (that) he was talking to his teacher when Ann called him
Perhatikan perubahan kata keterangan waktu dan kata kerja di dalam Indirect Speech
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
- Now (sekarang) Then, at that moment (pada waktu itu)
- Today (hari ini) That thay (hari itu)
- Yesterday (Kemarin) The day before, the previous day (sehari sebelumnya)
- Last night (semalam) The night before, the previous night (semalam sebelumnya)
- Last week (minggu lalu) the week before, the previous week (seminggu sebelumnya)
- Two days ago (dua hari lalu) Two days before (dua hari sebelumnya)
- A week ago (seminggu lalu) a week before, the previous week (seminggu sebelumnya)
- A month ago (sebulan lalu) A month before, the previous month (sebulan sebelumnya)
- A year ago (setahun lalu) a year before, the previous year (setahun sebelumnya)
- Tomorrow (besok) the following day, the next day (hari berikutnya)
- Next week (minggu depan) the following week (minggu berikutnya)
- Next month (bulan depan) the following month (bulan berikutnya)
- Next year (tahun depan) the following year (tahun berikutnya)
- Next Monday (senin depan) the following Monday (senin berikutnya)
- Here (disini) there (disana)
- Over here (di sebelah sini) over there (disebelah sana)
- This (ini) that (itu)
- These (ini) those (itu)
Contoh:
1. He asked, ‘Did you stay here?’ He asked wheter (or not) I had stayed there
2. He said, ‘I was sick two days ago.’ He said (that) he had been sick two days before/earlier
3. He said, ‘I will work tomorrow.’ He said (that) he would the following/next day
4. He said, ‘I arrived yesterday.’ He said (that) he had arrived the day before/the previous day
5. He said, ‘I was there last week.’ He said (that) he had been there the week before
EXERCISE:
• Ubahlah Direct Speech di bawah ini menjadi Indirect Speech.
1. ‘I am going home now, ‘Yusuf said ......
2. ‘What do you want?’ Linda asked me ......
3. ‘Have you seen him lately?’ his mother wanted to know ......
4. ‘What have you done?’ he asked me ......
5. ‘I am late, ‘Ana said ......
6. ‘Can you stay to have dinner with us?’ I asked him ......
7. ‘May I borrow your pen?’Wati asked ......
8. ‘I am leaving, ‘he told us ......
9. ‘He must go home now, ‘she said ......
10. ‘I can’t do it by myself, ‘Alex told us ......
sumber: http://englishcreation.blogspot.com/2009/06/indirect-speech.html
| Reported Speech | for everyone |
Reported Speech atau Kalimat Laporan adalah kalimat yang digunakan untuk melaporkan apa kata orang lain dengan memasukkannya dalam kalimat yang kita buat sendiri. Kalimat laporan ini sering juga disebut dengan Kalimat Tak Langsung.
Penggunaan
1. Statement
Pada penggunaan jenis kalimat ini, kata sambung yang kita gunakan adalah that. Namun kata ini bisa dipakai atau boleh juga tidak dipakai.
Perhatikan dialog berikut ini:
Alex : I am a student.
Bob : What did Alex say, Andy?
Andy : Alex said that he was a student.
Catatan:
- Apa yang diucapkan Andy adalah kalimat tak langsung, karena Andy mengulang apa yang diucapkan Alex kepada Bob.
- Karena bersifat pengulangan dan Alex berkata demikian beberapa saat yang lalu (sebelum Bob bertanya) maka Tenses yang digunakan harus dalam bentuk Past.
Catatan:
- George said," My mother will go to Bali today."
- George said (that) his mother would go to Bali today.
- Perubahan hari dan tempat sangat tergantung pada situasi pada saat berbicara. Artinya dapat saja berganti, namun dapat juga tidak.
- Tanda petik tidak lagi digunakan.
2. Request/Command
- "I have phoned the police," John said.
- John said that he had phoned the police.
Ada 2 kelompok dalam penggunaan kalimat tidak langsung jenis ini, yaitu:
- Positive Request/Command
- Negative Request/Command
a. Positive Request/Command
Kalimat tak langsung jenis ini adalah kalimat permintaan atau perintah yang tidak dimulai dengan don't, seperti open the door!, close the window!, be carefull!, dsb. Untuk kalimat jenis ini, kata sambung yang digunakan adalah to sebelum kata kerjanya.
Contoh:
- "Close the window!", Anton asked.
- Anton asked me to close the window.
- Bob said," Be carefull, my son!"
- Bob asked his son to be carefull.
b. Negative Request/Command
Kalimat tak langsung jenis ini adalah kalimat permintaan yang dimulai dengan don't. Kata sambung yang digunakan adalah not to untuk menggantikan don't.
Contoh:
- "Don't touch me!", William asked.
- William asked me not to touch him.
- Mrs. Hunt said," Don't be lazy, Henry!".
- Mrs Hunt asked Henry not to be lazy.
Jenis ini juga memiliki 2 kelompok yaitu Yes/No Question dan Wh- Question.
a. Yes/No Questions
Yes/No Question adalah jenis pertanyaan yang membutuhkan jawaban ya atau tidak. Kata sambung yang digunakan adalah whether atau if. Namun yang perlu diingat adalah susunan kalimat dalam kalimat tak langsungnya harus menjadi normal kembali. Artinya setelah kata whether/if, maka harus dimulai dengan Subjek, Predikat, dst. Kita dapat juga menambahkan or not pada kalimat tak langsungnya. Namun kata or not hanya mengiringi kata whether dan tidak if.
Kata whether lebih sering digunakan daripada if.
Contoh:
- Mr. Hunt asked," Are you my new secretary?"
- Mr. Hunt asked the girl whether she was his new secretary or not. - Bentuk I
- Mr. Hunt asked the girl whether or not she was his new secretary. - Bentuk II
- Mr. Hunt asked the girl whether she was his new secretary. - Bentuk III
- "Can you pick me up?", asked Edward.
- Edward asked if I could pick him up.
b. Wh- Questions
Wh- Question adalah jenis pertanyaan yang tidak dijawab dengan ya atau tidak, melainkan sebuah pernyataan seperi How old are you, Where do you live? dsb.
Kata sambung yang digunakan adalah kata tanya itu sendiri. Susunan setelah kata tanya itu kembali seperti kalimat positif. Perhatikan contoh-contoh kalimat berikut. Tanda tanya juga harus dihilangkan.
COntoh:
- "How old are you?", Ahmad wanted to know.
- Ahmad wanted to know How old I was. (BUKAN How old was I)
- Andy asked Ted," Where do you live?"
- Andy asked Ted where he lived.
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